This study reports the development and characterisation of a novel fluid bed–dried formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki produced within the IPM-4-Citrus and SAFWA projects. By combining formulation engineering with biological assays, the work improves the stability, handling, and field performance of microbial plant protection agents targeting citrus pests. Two new Bt strains (Lip and Blb1) were fermented, and formulated using agro-industrial by-products and compared with the commercial reference. Detailed morphological and particle size analyses revealed finer and more homogeneous granulates with improved dispersion after re-suspension. Laboratory bioassays and field trials against Phyllocnistis citrella confirmed effective pest control under practical conditions. The results demonstrate how downstream processing and formulation design directly influence bioactivity, safety, and application performance of Bt-based products.
Nasreddine, R., Ayyildiz, G., El Hammar, T., Amangeldi, Z., El Jeni, R., Keçe, A. F. C., ... & Stephan, D. (2026). Bioactivity and physical investigation of a novel fluid bed-dried Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki formulation. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 108547.